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Essential Fish Habitat
Imperative Fish Habitat (EFH) was defined by the U. S. Congress in the 1996 amendments to the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, or perhaps Magnuson-Stevens Act, as "those waters and substrate required to fish for spawning, breeding, feeding or growth to maturity. "|1| Putting into action regulations clarified that lakes and rivers include all aquatic areas and their physical, chemical, and biological properties; substrate involves the associated biological neighborhoods that make these areas suited to fish habitats, and the explanation and identification of EFH should include habitats used without notice during the species' life cycle.|2| EFH incorporates all types of aquatic habitat, such as wetlands, coral reefs, sand, seagrasses, and rivers.|3|
NOAA Fisheries works with the regional fishery management local authorities to designate EFH using the best available scientific info. EFH has been described for over a 1, 000 managed variety to date.|4| The primary purpose of EFH regulations is to minimize the adverse effects of fishing and non reef fishing impacts on EFH for the maximum extent practicable.
In 1996, the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Work was amended to establish a brand new requirements to identify and identify EFH to protect, conserve and enhance EFH for the advantage of the fisheries.|5| The Magnuson-Stevens Act offers jurisdiction over the management and conservation of marine fish species. Federal agencies need to consult with NOAA Fisheries when their actions or actions may adversely affect home identified by federal regional fishery management councils or perhaps NOAA Fisheries as EFH.|6| On 12 19, 1997, interim last rules were published in the Federal Register (Vol. sixty two, No . 244) which stipulate procedures for implementation of the EFH provisions of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.|7| These rules were amended by simply publication of final rules on January 17, 2002 (Vol. 67, No . 12).|8| he rules, in two subparts, address requirements for fishery management program (FMP) amendment, and detail the coordination, consultation, and recommendation requirements of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.
Impacts from certain fishing procedures and coastal and marine development and may alter, destruction, or destroy habitats important for fish. NOAA Fisheries, the regional fishery management local authorities (FMCs), and other federal companies work together to minimize these dangers.|13| Congress has created councils to classify unfavorable has an effect on on fishes in relation to types of fishing gear, coastal developments and non-point and point source pollution, as well as, evaluating how well each fishery is managed. The FMCs, with assistance from NOAA Fisheries, has delineated EFH for federally managed variety. As new FMPs are developed, EFH for recently managed species will also be defined.|14| FMPs need to describe and identify EFH for the fishery, lessen to the extent practicable the adverse effects of fishing on EFH, and identify other actions to encourage the conservation and enhancement of EFH.
Through consultations, NOAA Fisheries can recommend ways federal agencies can easily avoid or minimize the adverse effects of their actions for the habitat of federally maintained commercial and recreational fisheries.|16| Federal action agencies which fund, licenses, or carry out activities that may adversely affect EFH are required to consult with NOAA Fisheries.|17| The federal action agency must provide NOAA Fisheries with an examination of all actions or recommended actions authorized, funded, or undertaken by the agency which may adversely affect EFH.|18| Then NOAA The fishing industry will provide the federal actions agency with EFH Preservation recommendations.|19| These types of Conservation Recommendations provide information on keep away from, minimize, mitigate, or offset those adverse effects.|20| Federal action agencies must provide a written explanation to NOAA Fisheries if any of these recommendations have not been implemented.|21| NOAA Fisheries must also include measures to reduce the adverse effects of fishing gear and fishing activities on EFH as well.|22| In addition , NOAA Fisheries and the FMCs may discuss and make recommendations to any state agency on their activities which may affect EFH.|23|
Most consultations are done inside the NMFS regional offices: Higher Atlantic Regional Fisheries Office (GARFO), Southeast Regional Office (SERO), West Coast Regional Office (WCRO), Alaska Territorial Office (AKRO), and Pacific cycles Islands Regional Office (PIRO). National consultations spanning multiple regions can be done at NOAA Fisheries Headquarters.
State businesses and private landowners are not forced to consult with NMFS. EFH discussions are required if the federal government possesses authorized, funded, or performed part or all of a proposed activity, and if the action will adversely have an effect on EFH.|24| Negatively affecting EFH includes immediate or indirect physical, substance or biological alterations with the waters or substrate and loss of, or injury to varieties and their habitat, and other environment components, or reduction from the quality and/or quantity of EFH.
Environment areas of particular concern or HAPCs are considered high priority areas for conservation, supervision, and research.|26| HAPCs are subsets of EFH that merit attention because they meet by least one of the following 4 criteria:
provide important environmental function;
are sensitive to environmental degradation;
include a natural environment type that is/will end up being stressed by development;
include a habitat type that is exceptional.|27|
Current HAPCs consist of important habitats like estuaries, canopy kelp, corals, seagrass, and rocky reefs, between other areas of interest. HAPCs are afforded the same regulatory safety as EFH and do not exclude activities from occurring in the area, such as fishing, diving, swimming or surfing.
Necessary Fish Habitat is specified for all federally managed fish under the MSA whereas Crucial Habitat is designated meant for the survival and restoration of species listed seeing that threatened or endangered within the Endangered Species Act (ESA).|29| Critical refuge include areas occupied by the threatened or endangered variety that include physical and scientific features that are essential to the conservation of the species.|30| Critical Habitat is designated as critical at the time a species is listed within the ESA.|31| EFH and Critical Habitat are different in terms of designation and control, but they may overlap for several species such as salmon.|32|
Habitat characteristics include sediment type, type of bottoms (sand, silt and clay), structures underlying the water surface, and marine community structures. These habitats are essential for fish and ecosystem health. The fundamental natural environment structure begins with yeast sediment. Erosion is stabilized by simply submerged aquatic vegetation. You will discover two main types of bottoms, hard and very soft.|33| A study by simply Christensen at el. (2004) looked at three bottom natural environment types (vegetated marsh edge, submerged aquatic vegetation, and shallow non-vegetated bottom) regarding juvenile brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus). The results from the analysis showed that brown prawn selected vegetated areas in salinities 15-25 ppt plus they would select vegetated areas over marsh edges when they co-occurred. Finding the areas that had the highest abundance helped to identify EFH of juvenile brown shrimp.|34|
Hard bottom also known as coral reefs or live bottom provides hard complex vertical composition for attachment of a sponge, seaweed, and coral, which often support a diverse reef fish community.|35| This kind of community can comprise invertebra, coral, hard coral, bryozoans, ploychaete worms, tunicates, various fin-fishes, alga, and sponges. Areas of compacted or sheered mud and sediment can also be a form of hard bottom.|36|
Soft bottom consists of unconsolidated sediment and unvegetated areas. In some regions soft feet are not protected even though they might be primary nursery areas, anadromous fish spawning areas, and anadromous nursery areas. Features that affect soft bottom in relation to organisms that make use of them include sediment materials size, salinity, dissolved fresh air and flow.
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